Integrated manufacturing of REciclable multi-material COmposites for the TRANSport sector
Upper Interface Engineering Between Perovskite and Electron Transport Layer Toward Efficient and Stable Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells
This review summarizes recent advances in upper interface engineering for PSCs, addressing key challenges including insufficient coordination, weak chemical stability, and energy level mismatches. These approaches aim to optimize charge transport, suppress ion migration, and enhance interfacial adhesion, marking an important step toward high efficiency and stability of inverted PSCs. The findings establish fundamental design principles for optimizing perovskite interfaces through targeted molecular engineering, which provides rational guidance for the design of next?generation perovskite photovoltaic devices.Inverted (p?i?n) perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as a promising photovoltaic technology due to their excellent stability and compatibility with tandems. However, their performance is critically limited by the perovskite/electron transport layer (ETL) upper interface. This interface governs electron extraction efficiency, ion migration, and non?radiative recombination, directly affecting open?circuit voltage (Voc) and fill factor (FF). Moreover, interfacial defects, energy level misalignment, and chemical instability at this junction often lead to hysteresis and degradation, hindering commercialization efforts. This review systematically examines interfacial modification strategy through a materials classification approach by four categories: ammonium salts, organic molecules, polymers, and inorganic materials. How these materials optimize charge transport, suppress ion migration, and enhance interfacial adhesion is thoroughly discussed. A systematic understanding of structure?property relationships at this critical interface is elucidated. Besides, characterization techniques for probing interfacial phenomena is summarized. Finally, the challenges and opportunities are elucidated at this underexplored interface. These insights position upper interface engineering as the next frontier in realizing commercially viable, high?performance inverted PSCs.
» Publication Date: 17/10/2025
This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement Nº 768737
