Integrated manufacturing of REciclable multi-material COmposites for the TRANSport sector

Polydopamine?polyoxometalate composites (PDA?PMA and PDA?PMA(N)) enable ultrahigh doping densities through distinct pathways: PMA?initiated polymerization yields PDA?PMA with organic/inorganic mutual doping, while ammonia?neutralized PDA?PMA(N) shifts to organic?dominated doping via structural rearrangement. The neutral?pH PDA?PMA(N) eliminates energy barriers by enabling quantum tunneling, delivering OSCs with record 20.29% efficiency and exceptional stability, surpassing PEDOT:PSS.Heavy doping critically minimizes depletion region widths for efficient charge transport in organic solar cells (OSCs), yet systematic studies elucidating its underlying mechanisms remain scarce. To address this, two polydopamine?polyoxometalate composites (PDA?PMA and PDA?PMA(N)) are designed via innovative mutual doping pathways. PDA?PMA achieved ultrahigh doping density (1.17 × 1023 cm?3) through H3[P(Mo3O10)4] (PMA) initiated oxidative polymerization of dopamine, where electron transfer simultaneously induced p?doped PDA and n?doped PMA. Remarkably, neutralization with ammonia yielded PDA?PMA(N), which retained even higher doping density (3.74 × 1023 cm?3) via structural rearrangement?driven organic doping. XPS/ESR studies revealed distinct pathways: dual organic/inorganic doping in PDA?PMA versus organic?dominated doping in PDA?PMA(N). This deep doping compressed depletion region widths from 44.42 nm in undoped controls (the blend of PDA and PMA) to 0.052 nm (PDA?PMA(N)), surpassing PEDOT:PSS (0.238 nm) and enabling barrier?free hole transport. Consequently, PBDB?TF:BTP?eC9?based OSCs with PDA?PMA and PDA?PMA(N) achieved exceptional power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 20.02% and 20.29%, respectively. Furthermore, the neutralized PDA?PMA(N) demonstrated superior stability (86.2% PCE retention after 1800 h illumination) by suppressing interfacial corrosion. This work elucidates structure?dependent doping mechanisms and provides a universal strategy for developing high?performance hole transport layers through tailored doping, advancing OSC commercialization.

» Publication Date: 29/08/2025

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