Integrated manufacturing of REciclable multi-material COmposites for the TRANSport sector

Benzenesulfonate monomers undergo in situ self?polymerization during the crystallization process of perovskite, providing more uniform passivation for perovskite defects than single molecules. The in situ formed polymer also facilitates the growth of large grain domains and the charge transport, offering an efficiency of 25.34% for small?area perovskite solar cells and 21.54% for mini?modules with an active area of 14.0 cm2.Realizing high?quality perovskite films through uniform defect passivation and crystallization control is pivotal to unlocking the potential of scalable applications. However, prevalent small?molecule additives are inherently susceptible to the crystallization dynamics of perovskites, resulting in non?uniform distribution within the crystalline film and impeding consistent passivation and precise crystallization control. While polymers offer improved uniformity, their poor solubility restricts practical applications. To overcome this limitation, an in situ self?polymerization strategy is employed, enabling homogeneous coordination between sulfonate?containing additives and undercoordinated lead cations. This approach enhances perovskite film quality, promotes larger crystalline grain domains, and facilitates more efficient charge transport across grain domain boundaries. As a result, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) achieve a remarkable power conversion efficiency of 25.34% in small?area devices and 21.54% in 14.0 cm2 mini?modules, accompanied by exceptional operational stability. These findings highlight in situ polymerization as an effective strategy for leveraging sulfonate additives to overcome distribution challenges, advancing the scalable fabrication of efficient and stable PSCs.

» Publication Date: 07/05/2025

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